Written by Sebastián Teijeiro, Consultant
In one of my favorite academic papers, Nicky Dries* presented, among other things, different tensions about talent:
- Object vs Subject – what or who is talent?
- Exclusive vs Inclusive – how prevalent is talent in the population?
- Innate vs Acquired – can talent be taught and learned?
- Input vs Output – what should organizations select for?
- Transferable vs Context-dependent – is talent conditional on its environment?
I personally find these tensions fascinating, especially because of the different implications for practice. I would love to cover all of these in this article, but I’m going to focus only on one: Exclusive vs Inclusive.
In her paper Dries notes that: “An inclusive perspective on talent departs from the assumption that all people are talented, but in a different way; an exclusive perspective, on the other hand, is built on the premise that some people are inherently more talented (and thus more valuable) than others – at least within the organizational context”.
Before having a look at how companies assess people depending on each approach, there are two things to keep in mind:
- Talent as a concept used in the organizational world is not without controversy and it’s usually defined in many different ways*.
- This division between exclusive and inclusive approaches should be considered as a continuum rather than as two opposites with no degree of overlap.
What is an exclusive approach?
At the very heart of the ‘War for Talent’* lies the notion of ‘workforce segmentation’ (a.k.a. ‘workforce differentiation’), according to which organizations should classify and monitor people through some sort of segmentation framework (e.g. A, B and C players* or by using a 9-box grid) and then give preferential treatment to the most valuable ones. This is based on the perception that organizations create unnecessarily high costs when they invest equally in all their workforce, when they could actually only focus on attracting, selecting, developing and retaining star employees who will ensure organizational success*. The idea is to invest disproportionate resources where disproportionate return on investment can be expected* (20% of the workforce or less*).
When organizations adopt this approach to assessing people, they look for differentiating factors or characteristics, and levels within these, in order to make this segmentation. Current performance is important but for organizations with a strong focus on the future it is not enough as this doesn’t predict future performance*. Therefore, they classify their people on the basis of possibility, i.e. how likely it is going to be for them to do or become something in the future. Here is when high-potential practices come into play and people are assessed on the ‘components’* of future success. These ‘components’ tend to be grouped into models and these models tend to vary from organization to organization (as their definitions of talent and high-potential do). It is difficult to include in a short article a taxonomy of models of potential, so for the sake of simplicity let’s say that these tend to go from ‘let’s duplicate successful people in the business’ to ‘we don’t know what the future will look like so let’s assess characteristics that will ensure success regardless of context’.
Detractors of the exclusive approach argue that by focusing on a few employees, organizations neglect the negative effects on those not considered valuable (up to 80% of the workforce), decreasing motivation, performance levels, commitment, justice and fairness perceptions, and team effort*. It is also argued that exclusive practices don’t necessarily ensure the retention (and therefore return of investment) of employees labelled as ‘high potentials’ as these tend to increase their expectations to a point that organization can’t meet, leading them to move to different organizations*.
We don’t know what the future will look like so let’s assess characteristics that will ensure success regardless of context.
What is an inclusive approach?
Organizations on this side of the continuum offer personalized approaches for all of their people depending on their characteristics and needs. They aspire to yield enhanced performance among all levels of their workforce* by helping individuals play to their strengths to maximize their impact. The idea is to develop the organization as a whole as everyone has a role to play and something to contribute. Ways of doing this include opening training opportunities for everyone and allowing advancement opportunities to any employee as a result of deliberate practice and performance improvement*. This contributes to increasing general levels of morale, motivation, perception of justice, loyalty and retention, and allows organizations to develop a diverse workforce. Furthermore, organizations can overcome scarcity of talent by growing various forms of talent that are required for the development of their business*, and if someone leaves the organization, the position can be filled with internal talent*.
Organizations adopting an inclusive talent management approach assess people with the aim of getting to know everyone better, to understand their strengths, developmental needs and drivers, and to empower them with this knowledge*. This allows organizations to operate at different levels. At an individual level, by equipping managers to get the best out of each one of their team members or by encouraging people to learn from each other. At an organizational level, this approach allows getting the full talent picture, informing holistic OD strategies and understanding the culture (the bottom up culture, rather than top down, pre-defined -and sometimes unrealistic- culture). As no segmentation is required and the way of working for the future is by continuously preparing the whole workforce for it, there is no need for high-potential practices nor for labelling people based on possibility.
Detractors of the inclusive approach argue that developing everyone in the organization requires substantial investment of time and money, and that from a rational-economic perspective giving preferential treatment only to those who will drive future organizational success, is a cost-effective practice* (for example, if training budget is divided equally between all employees, each employee will end up getting little training). Furthermore, some argue that if these star employees don’t receive preferential treatment, they may leave the organization and the competitive advantage (or the ‘War for Talent’) will be lost.
